Indeed, there is evidence from epidemiological investigation that exclusive breastfeeding for. Breastfeeding trends and updated national health objectives for exclusive breastfeeding united states birth years 20002004. Goldman, md introduction the optimal length of exclusive breastfeeding by fullterm infants has been estimated from clinical outcomes such as growth, development, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. The effect of breastfeeding selfefficacy on breastfeeding. Pdf exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant infection. These data show the current state of breastfeeding in michigan. Duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding in oklahoma. In 1994 and 1996, the world health assembly wha and unicef recommended introduction of complementary.
Skilled counseling in enhancing early and exclusive. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk american academy. Knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among. Associations between perceived value of exclusive breastfeeding. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding report of the expert consultation, geneva, switzerland, 2830 march 2001.
This randomized clinical trial assigns mothernewborn dyads to exclusive breastfeeding or breastfeeding supplemented with small amounts formula in the first week of life to evaluate the effect of formula supplementation on duration of breastfeeding at 6 and 12 months. The effect of a breastfeeding support programme on. The role of socialcognitive and emotional factors on. This study aimed to assess the association of exclusive breastfeeding duration with risk of anemia in infants at 12 mo of age and in children aged 4871 mo in mainland china. The exclusive breastfeeding rate and early initiation to breastfeeding are still very low, because there are many factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding such as, lack of knowledge.
Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are widely acknowledged, opinions and recommendations are strongly divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and determinants among brazilian. Globally, just 38% of infants less than 6 months are exclusively breastfed. The cdc guide to strategies to support breastfeeding mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, development and health of infants. First, we used kaplanmeier plots to compare the survival curves in the bsp and the control group for duration of any breastfeeding and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, without controlling for differences between the two groups figs. This intersection of outcomes salient for the business community and public health. Nowadays, the who recommends an exclusive breastfeeding period for the first six months of life, with the introduction of solid foods thereafter and continued breastfeeding until age two or more. National prevalence of breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding through age 6 months, and duration of breastfeeding at age 12 months among children aged 1935 months, by selected demographic characteristics national immunization survey, united states, 20112015. Having realtime access to clinical staff in the hospital is an. We estimated the risk of infection associated with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding ebf.
Tool kit for monitoring and evaluating breastfeeding practices and programs 3 this activity was supported by the united states agency for international d evelopment usaid under cooperative agreement no. A minority of pregnant women strongly value exclusive breastfeeding and are. English speaking mothers 18 years of age and older were asked to participate if they had. These data show the current state of breastfeeding in michigan, and will serve as ongoing sources of data to tr ack michigan s progress and the success of. Yet, indicated that most mothers have knowledge of ebf 97. We aimed to determine the factors affecting ebf duration in a sample of iranian infants. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding has varied from 65% at birth to antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration breastfeeding is well recognised as the best food for infants and the world health organization recommends that all infants should have exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months after birth. The best physiological window of opportunity to stimulate lactation begins immediately after delivery, in the inpatient setting. Exclusive breastfeeding is reportedly low in many countries 3,4,5,6,7.
Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers during the. While breastfeeding beyond 6 months, a baby should receive foods with breast milk until the age of 2 or older. From 1breastfeeding promotion network of india, delhi, and 2department of pediatrics, jawaharlal nehru medical college, amu, aligarh, uttar pradesh. Exclusive breastfeeding after the hospital stay was defined as receiving only breastmilk after hospital discharge, and does not consider inhospital feeding. The cdc guide to strategies to support breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is well recognised as the best food for infants and the world health organization recommends that all infants should have exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months after birth. Impact of key workplace breastfeeding support characteristics. Breastfeeding protects against diarrhoea and common childhood illnesses such as pneumonia. The trend of exclusive breastfeeding among infants less than 6 months in developing countries has taken over. The strategies described in this guide focus on policy and environmental. Biophysical factors that influence the initiation and duration of breastfeeding include intrapartum experiences,9, 10 early breastfeeding practices10, 16, 17 and perceived milk supply. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant infection article pdf available in european journal of clinical nutrition 7012 july 2016 with 102 reads how we measure reads. Pdf factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding. The optimal duration of exclusive who world health.
A longitudinal study of the effect of psychosocial factors on. Breastfeeding duration and exclusivity decrease infant. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding has also been associated with a reduced risk of the sudden infant death syndrome sids 18 1921and of atopic disease, and some studies even suggest acceleration of neurocognitive development2228 and protection against longterm. Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration breastfeeding is well recognised as the best food for infants and the world health organization recommends that all infants should have exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months after birth. Nutrient adequacy of exclusive breastfeeding for the term infant during the first six months of life. The cdc guide to strategies to support breastfeeding mothers and babies. Exclusive breastfeeding is when a baby receives only breast milk, without any additional food or drinks, including water, until 6 months of age. Breastfeeding has important positive longterm health consequences for. Duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding in oklahoma breastfeeding, specifically exclusive breastfeeding, is known to provide immediate benefits to infants and mothers and longterm protection from chronic health problems that lead to morbidity and mortality. The association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant anemia is not clear. Jul 24, 2019 the effects of the bsp without controlling for differences between groups.
Breastfeeding duration there are also a variety of factors that influence breastfeeding duration and often lead to early cessation, such as returning to work or school partyka et al. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life has been recommended by numerous health and professional medical organizations, 1, 4 including the american academy of pediatrics aap section on breastfeeding, for all infants in whom breastfeeding is not specifically contraindicated. The theory of planned behavior was used as a theoretical framework for this study. Mothers of study children completed questionnaires at age 6 and 12 months regarding duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding and whether any infectious diseases occurred. However, there is little research assessing the role of regret and selfconscious emotions e. The contents of this document do not n ecessarily reflect the views or policies of usaid. Breastfeeding is a natural process of infant feeding. Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding support programme bsp, promotes prolonged duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding among its participants. Introduction breast milk is critical for sustaining newborn infant health and wellbeing. Our findings support healthpolicy strategies to promote exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months, but preferably 6 months, in industrialized countries. Breastfeeding at different ages was categorized as exclusive or partial based on whether the infant received any formula or food in addition. The discussion of each strategy follows the outline defined here. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant infection.
Pdf before 2001, the world health organization who recommended that infants be exclusively breastfed for 46 mo with the introduction of. The purpose of the project was to identify the barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers during the first 4. The feedback and advice of the expert advisory panel on exclusive. Mothers who report switching away from exclusive breastfeeding early are more likely to continue ebf during the.
Supporting breastfeeding during the hospital stay is ideal for a number of reasons. Literature available provides information on the factors associated to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, although the methodological heterogeneity of the studies did not. Breast milk contains all the nutrients an infant needs in the first six months of life. Infants who are properly breastfed grow better and experience less sickness and fewer deaths than other infants who are not breastfed john, 2005. The current study was designed to determine whether feeding adequacy among 923 months old children is influenced by duration of exclusive breastfeeding. It offers the most relevant information on each type of strategy. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding, in, geneva, world health organization, 2001. Exclusive breastfeeding from birth is possible except for a few medical conditions, and unrestricted exclusive breastfeeding results in ample milk production. Exclusive breastfeeding ebf in the first six months of the life can significantly improve maternal and children health, and it is especially important in low and middleincome countries.
The duration of exclusive breastfeeding has varied from 65% at birth to duration of exclusive breastfeeding remains relatively low in the united states. The evidence from one trial in honduras demonstrates poorer iron status in infants exclusively breastfed for 6 months, versus 4 months followed. Determinants of the exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. Initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuous breastfeeding for at least 2 years lower the risk of newborn deaths. Web site addresses of nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to readers. The median estimated duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 60 days. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding duration is positively. Breastfeeding practices and determinants of exclusive. Literature available provides information on the factors associated to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, although the.
The effect of a breastfeeding support programme on breastfeeding. How multiple episodes of exclusive breastfeeding impact. An experimental study in an urban population in india. Aug 22, 2018 adequate knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding is said to be the fundamental tool that can direct the course of ebf practice among mothers 2, 3. A twostage cluster sample was drawn from the population of children aged 1824 months living in the area in 2012. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant infection european. Jul 27, 2016 we estimated the risk of infection associated with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding ebf. Exclusive breastfeeding duration 2004 health canada. A quasiexperimental design was used to compare breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in the bsp group n66 to breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in a control group n72. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy whats known on this subject. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and later intake of. Neither the trials nor the observational studies suggest that infants who continue to be exclusively breastfed for 6 months show deficits in weight or length gain. This, to a large extent, has been inspired by mounting scientific evidence on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding in reducing infant morbidity and mortality.
Mothers may need appropriate support for increasing their milk supply depending on the switch and the duration of the gap. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant infection nature. In resource limited settings where poor and sub optimal breastfeeding practices frequently result to child. The breastfeeding duration after 2 years depends entirely on the mother and the baby. Tool kit for monitoring and evaluating breastfeeding.
To assess the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. Nutrient adequacy of exclusive breastfeeding for the term infant during the first six months of life nancy f. There are several sources of data on breastfeeding in michigan that provide valuable information about initiation and duration, barriers to breastfeeding, and maternity care practices. Exclusive breastfeeding knowledge knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding lack of understanding or misunderstandings about the meaning of exclusive breastfeeding and its duration health care worker counseling receiving accurate breastfeeding counseling, education, or advice from health care workers. Anamnestic data on breastfeeding and sociodemographic information were collected from. A longitudinal study of the effect of psychosocial factors. The effect of breastfeeding selfefficacy on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration by adria vincent project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of nursing practice walden university november 2015. Effect of early limited formula on breastfeeding duration. Mothers expectations and factors influencing exclusive. Trends and factors associated to early initiation of.
Six months of exclusive breastfeeding recommendation bioline. During the same period, the 12month breastfeeding duration rates difference gap increased from 9. After the first 6 months and until the infant is 1 year old, the aap recommends that the mother continue breastfeeding while gradually introducing solid foods into the infants diet. Developmental readiness of normal full term infants to. Previous research has suggested that exclusive breastfeeding is likely to be predicted by socialcognitive variables and fear. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding exclusive breastfeeding for six months versus three to four months, with continued mixed breastfeeding thereafter reduces gastrointestinal infection and helps the mother lose weight and prevent pregnancy but has no longterm impact on allergic disease, growth, obesity, cognitive ability, or behaviour. Impact of a feeding log on breastfeeding duration and. The aap recommends exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant, a recommendation concurred to by.
Exclusive breastfeeding is best for michigan babies and children breastfeeding decreases an infants risk of dying, and this decreased risk is seen. Despite the extensive available information on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding both for the mother and the infant, in kenya only % of children below six months are exclusively breastfed unicef, 2006. Provision of an address does not constitute an endorsement of this organization by cdc or the federal. Factors associated to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. To examine whether a relationship exists between exclusive breastfeeding duration and later vegetable consumption in 4yearold children, independently of factors traditionally associated with. The trend of exclusive breastfeeding among infants less than 6 months in developing countries has taken over a decade to increase from 33% in 1995 to 39% in 2010. Racial and geographic differences in breastfeeding united. Exclusive breastfeeding may reduce the risk of anemia by delaying the return of the menstrual cycle for 20 to 30 weeks. Impact of a feeding log on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity deborah l. Exclusive breastfeeding seems to decrease the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. These results support current guidelines of ebf for either 46 or 6 months, with continued breastfeeding thereafter. Factors that positively influence breastfeeding duration.
However, the world health organization has called for more research regarding the bene. Skilled counseling in enhancing early and exclusive breastfeeding rates. Arun gupta 1, jp dadhich 1, s manazir ali 2 and neelima thakur 1. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding since 1979, the who recommendation for the duration of exclusive breastfeeding has been 46 months. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of. Since 2001, the world health organization has recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding cochrane. Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant does not receive any additional foods except vitamin d or fluids unless medically recommended. Infants with a family history of diabetes, who have been breastfed exclu. To report the duration of and factors associated with exclusive and any breastfeeding among the frenchspeaking community of belgium wallonia.
For example, more research examining the effect of longer exclusive and total breastfeeding duration on longterm postpartum weight retention is recommended. This study was conducted to examine the trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in ethiopia. Exclusive breastfeeding in hospital predicts longer. We examined exclusive breastfeeding duration to both 3 months and 6. We analysed the data on 15 809 term, singleton infants from the uk millennium cohort study. Distribution of household occupation and mothers education according to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding, using adaptive. Organizational and managerial support are key aspects of workplace lactation support, which may positively impact job satisfaction, rates of exclusive breastfeeding, and duration of exclusive breastfeeding among female health care employees. Exclusive breastfeeding until the age of 4 months and partially thereafter was associated with a significant reduction of respiratory and gastrointestinal morbidity in infants. Breastfeeding has many health benefits for both the mother and infant.
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